RESUMO
To provide a synthesis of diverse evidence on the impact of the non-therapeutic preventive measures, specifically quarantine, physical distancing and social isolation, on the control of COVID-19. A scoping review conducted in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, CENTRAL and SCOPUS databases between 2019 and August 28th, 2020. The descriptors used were the following: "quarantine", "physical distancing", "social isolation", "COVID-19" and "SARS-Cov2". Studies that addressed the non-therapeutic preventive measures in people exposed to SARs-CoV-2 in community settings and health services were included. A total of 14,442 records identified through a database search were reduced to 346 studies and, after a standardized selection process, a total of 68 articles were selected for analysis. A total of 35 descriptive, cross-sectional or longitudinal observational studies were identified, as well as 3 reviews, in addition to 30 studies with mathematical modeling. The main intervention assessed was social distancing (56.6%), followed by lockdown (25.0%) and quarantine (18.4%). The main evidence analyzed points to the need for rapid responses to reduce the number of infections, deaths and hospital admissions, especially in intensive care unit beds.The current review revealed consistent reports that the quarantine, physical distancing and social isolation are effective strategies to contain spread of the new coronavirus.
RESUMO
Heart diseases in birds are frequent and generate significant production disorders. Morphometry is a valuable tool to provide fundamental information about heart conditions. Few studies have addressed morphological aspects of the heart of ratite birds, such as the Greater rhea. The present study aimed to analyse rhea heart morphometry, comparing young and adult subjects, in order to provide relevant information for the diagnosis of heart disease in this species. Hearts of young (n = 10) and adult (n = 10) female rheas were used in this research. Heart length and width and sternum length were measured using a caliper. Heart length and width and sternum length in adults were approximately three times greater than in young individuals. The left ventricular wall (LVW) was thicker than the right ventricular wall (RVW) at all ages, and the RVW was thicker in adults when compared to young subjects. The basal and middle RVW regions thicken with advancing age, and the thickness of the interventricular septum (ISW) occupies an intermediate position between the LVW and RVW. In general, an increase in rhea heart thickness and size relative to age is observed. The morphometric variations between young and adult rhea hearts observed in the present study may serve as a comparative subsidy for the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities observed in this species.
Assuntos
Reiformes , Animais , Aves , Feminino , CoraçãoRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that drastically compromises patients' and relatives' quality of life, besides being a significant economic burden to global public health. Its pathophysiology is not completely elucidated yet, hence, the current therapies are restricted to treating the symptoms. Over the years, several epidemiological studies have shown disproportionalities in AD when sex is considered, which has encouraged researchers to investigate the potentiality of sex as a risk factor. Studies in rodent models have been used to investigate mechanistic basis of sex differences in AD, as well as the development of possible new sex-specific therapeutic strategies. However, full knowledge on factors related to this sexual dimorphism remains to be unraveled. Some findings point to differences in genetic and developmental backgrounds either earlier in life or in the aging brain. Herein we summarize the multisystemic framework behind the sex differences in AD and discuss the possible mechanisms involved in these differences raised by the literature so far in an integrative perspective.
